“The reason for having theories of social phenomena is to explain the pattern in observations of the world” (Stinchcombe 1968/1987:5). However, do theory-led explanations of patterns of social phenomena have to be “always conceived as a political intervention” and, accordingly, theory “understood to be a means of struggle” (Mbembe 2010/2021:8)? Postcolonial studies (e.g., Connell 2007; Quijano 2007) and higher education an science research (e.g., Oldac et al. 2023; Schneijderberg/Götze 2022) answer this question with a yes and suggest a primacy of epistemic governance of scientists/science from leading Anglo-American, Asian, and European countries. Building on our research on higher education and knowledge production in Sub-Sahara Africa (Zavale/Schneijderberg 2020, 2022, 2024), in the contribution, first, we will present examples of theory as a political intervention. Then, second, we will discuss the meanings of theory (e.g., Abend 2008; Alexander 1982), and, finally, we argue for an epistemologically open, analytical approach to theory in higher education and science research. For example, we present a multi-level analytical framework to study, understand, and explain patterns of knowledges production (see also Schneijderberg/Götze 2021). In addition, the epistemologically open, analytical approach to theory enables theory-led adjustment to social, spatial, and temporal contexts, and fosters comparative research to avoid the “hometown view” (Clark 1983:2) and for constructing international or multi-scalar knowledge, which “is broadly applicable without reference to national and other boundaries” (Smelser 2003:645).
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